... Arthur's conquest of Scandinavia was probably founded on a change in the meaning of the word Llychlyn, which at first meant the fabulous land beneath the lakes or the waves of the sea, but got in the time of the Norsemen's ravages to mean the land of the fjords in Norway, as did Lochlann in Irish.  Arthur, be it noticed, when he conquered Llychlyn, made Loth king of it.  Loth, though he is also associated with Loudonisea or Lodoneis, whereby Lothian was meant, a district of which he may be regarded as the eponymous, his correct name being some form of that which is in Welsh Lludd.  A different account of the relations between Arthur and Loth is to be met with in some of the romances; nor is it at all clear what authority Geoffrey had for making Arthur interfere on behalf of Loth.  But, be that as it may, when he had thus represented Arthur in a manner conquering Scotland, Ireland, and Scandinavia, nothing could have been more natural to him than to extend his conquests east and south of the Alps, or even to Rome, as some versions of the story do... (The English Historical Review, v.7, 1892)